To
order raw e-government data, visit http://www.InsidePolitics.org/egovtdata.html
Global E-Government, 2004
by
Darrell M. West
Center
for Public Policy
Darrell_West@brown.edu
(401)
863-1163
www.InsidePolitics.org
September,
2004
Table of Contents
Executive
Summary
A
Note on Methodology
Online
Information
Electronic
Services
Privacy
and Security
Disability
Access
Foreign
Language Access
Ads,
User Fees, and Premium Fees
Public
Outreach
Top
E-Government Countries
Differences
by Region of World
Conclusion
Appendix
Table
A-1 E-Government
Rankings by Country, 2004
Table
A-2 E-Government
Country Ratings, 2003 and 2004
Table
A-3 Individual
Country Profiles for Services, Privacy, Security, and Disability Access, 2004
Table
A-4 Individual
Country Profiles for Foreign Language Translation, and Ads, 2004
Table
A-5 Best
Practices of Top Government Sites, 2004
Executive Summary
Electronic government refers to public sector use of
the Internet and other digital devices to deliver services and
information. Although personal computers
have been around for several decades, recent advances in networking, video
imaging, and graphics interfacing have allowed governments to develop websites
that contain a variety of online materials.
As discussed in my forthcoming book, Digital Government: Technology and Public Sector Performance
(Princeton University Press, 2005), electronic government is supplanting
traditional means of access based on personal visits, phone calls, and mail
delivery.
Governments around the world have created websites
that facilitate tourism, citizen complaints, and business investment. Tourists can book hotels through the
government websites of many
In this report, I present the fourth
annual update on global e-government. I
study what is online globally and how electronic government has changed over
the past four years. Using a detailed
analysis of 1,935 government websites in 198 different nations undertaken
during Summer, 2004, I chart the variations that exist
across regions and countries, and discuss the pace at which e-government is
unfolding around the world.
In looking at electronic government from 2001 to
2004, I find that progress is being made, albeit at an incremental pace. Governments are showing steady progress on
several important dimensions, but not major leaps forward. On several key indicators, e-government
performance is edging up. However,
movement forward has not been more extensive in some areas because budget,
bureaucratic, and institutional forces have limited the extent to which the
public sector has incorporated technology into their mission.
Among the significant findings of the research are:
1) 21 percent of government websites offer
services that are fully executable online, up from 16 percent in 2003, 12
percent in 2002, and eight percent in 2001.
2) 89 percent of websites
this year provide access to publications and 62 percent have links to
databases.
3) 14 percent (up from 12 percent in 2003)
show privacy policies, while 8 percent
have security policies (up from 6 percent in 2003).
4) 14 percent of government
websites have some form of disability access, meaning access for persons with
disabilities, the same as in 2003.
5) Countries vary enormously
in their overall e-government performance based on our analysis. The most highly ranked nations include
6) There are major
differences in e-government performance based on region of the world. In general, countries in
A Note on Methodology
The data for our analysis consist of an assessment
of 1,935 national government websites for the 198 nations around the world (see
Appendix for the full list of countries). We analyze a range of sites within
each country to get a full sense of what is available in particular
nations. Among the sites analyzed are
those of executive offices (such as a president, prime minister, ruler, party
leader, or royalty), legislative offices (such as Congress, Parliament, or
People's Assemblies), judicial offices (such as major national courts), Cabinet
offices, and major agencies serving crucial functions of government, such as
health, human services, taxation, education, interior, economic development,
administration, natural resources, foreign affairs, foreign investment,
transportation, military, tourism, and business regulation. Websites for subnational
units, obscure boards and commissions, local government, regional units, and
municipal offices are not included in this study. The analysis was undertaken
during June and July, 2004 at
The regional breakdowns for the websites we studied
are 20 percent from Western European countries, followed by 17 percent from
Africa, 14 percent from Asia, 12 percent Eastern Europe, 8 percent the Middle
East, 7 percent South America, 5 percent Pacific Ocean countries (meaning those
off the Asian continent), 6 percent from Central America, 6 percent North
America (which included Canada, the United States, and Mexico), and 5 percent
Russia and Central Asia (such as the areas of the former Soviet Union).
Websites are evaluated for the presence of various
features dealing with information availability, service delivery, and public
access. Features assessed included the
name of the nation, region of the world, and having the following
features: online publications, online
database, audio clips, video clips, non-native languages or foreign language
translation, commercial advertising, premium fees, user payments, disability
access, privacy policy, security features, presence of online services, number
of different services, digital signatures, credit card payments, email address,
comment form, automatic email updates, website personalization, personal
digital assistant (PDA) access, and an English version of the website.
Where national government websites
are not in English, our research team employed foreign language readers who translate
and evaluate national government websites.
In some cases, we have made use of foreign language translation software
available online through http://babelfish.altavista.com. Some of the non-English websites are assessed
in part through English translations of portions of the websites.
Online Information
In looking at specific features of government
websites, we want to see how much material was available that would inform
citizens. Most agencies have made
extensive progress at placing information online for public access. Eighty-nine percent of government websites
around the world offer publications that a citizen could access (the same as in
2003 and up from 77 percent in 2002), and 62 percent provided databases (down
from 73 percent last year).
Percentage of
Websites Offering Publications and Databases
|
|
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|
Phone Contact Info. |
70% |
77% |
-- |
-- |
|
Address Info |
67 |
77 |
-- |
-- |
|
Links to Other Sites |
42 |
82 |
-- |
-- |
|
Publications |
71 |
77 |
89 |
89 |
|
Databases |
41 |
83 |
73 |
62 |
|
Audio Clips |
4 |
8 |
8 |
12 |
|
Video Clips |
4 |
15 |
8 |
13 |
Most public sector websites do not incorporate audio
clips or video clips on their official sites.
Despite the fact that these are becoming much more common features of
e-commerce and private sector enterprise, only 12 percent of government
websites provide audio clips and 13 percent have video clips. These are slightly higher than the 8 percent
of sites last year that featured audio and video clips.
For e-government service delivery,
we look at the number and type of online services offered. Features are defined
as services only if the entire transaction can occur online. If a citizen has to print out a form and then
mail it back to the agency to obtain the service, we do not count that as a
service that can be fully executed online.
Searchable databases count as services only if they involved accessing
information that result in a specific government service response.
Of the websites examined around the
world, however, 21 percent offer services that are fully executable online,
which is up from 16 percent in 2003 and 12 percent in 2002. Of this group, 11 percent offer one service,
four percent have two services, and six percent have three or more
services. Seventy-nine percent have no
online services.
Number of
Online Services
|
|
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|
None |
92% |
88% |
84% |
79% |
|
One |
5 |
7 |
9 |
11 |
|
Two |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
Three
or more |
2 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
Percentage of
Government Sites Offering Online Services by Region of World
|
|
2001 |
2002 |
2003
|
2004
|
North America
|
28% |
41%
|
45% |
53% |
|
19 |
14
|
17 |
43 |
|
Asia |
12 |
26
|
26 |
30 |
|
Middle East |
10 |
15
|
24 |
19 |
|
Western Europe |
9 |
10
|
17 |
29 |
|
Eastern Europe |
-- |
2
|
6 |
8 |
|
Central America |
4 |
4
|
9 |
17 |
|
South America |
3 |
7
|
14 |
10 |
|
Russia/Central Asia |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Africa |
2 |
2 |
5 |
8 |
As the e-government industry expands worldwide, the
complexity and specificity of online services continues to develop. Many nations have sites devoted specifically to
e-government, on which they present new initiatives as well as offer listings
of services available online. For
example,
International
services have developed in response to the increasing popularity and prevalence
of SMS (Short Message Service) via mobile phones. Many of
Several
sites, such as the British Prime Minister, display links to information about
the Bobby program, a disability screening mechanism that serves to verify if a
site is properly accessible to disabled citizens. Other novel services are of a more unique
variety. The Greek Foreign Affairs site
gives visitors the option to learn basic Greek online, while the Polish
government portal provides a link to a live video feed of Polish storks. Interestingly, some nations have begun to use
the Internet as a means to encourage romance among their citizens. Moroccan online classified ads contain a
special section for personals, while
Despite
the increased complexity and technological development on many international
sites, there remain problems with government sites. For example the
One
feature that has slowed the development of online services has been an
inability to use credit cards and digital signatures on financial
transactions. On commercial sites, it is
becoming a more common practice to offer goods and services online for purchase
through the use of credit cards.
However, of the government websites analyzed, only 4 percent (up from 2
percent in 2003) accept credit cards and sixth-tenths of 1 percent allowed
digital signatures for financial transactions (up from one-tenth of 1 percent
last year).
Of the 198 nations analyzed, there
is wide variance in the number of online services provided by different
governments. The country with the
largest number of services is
Having visible statements outlining
what the site is doing on privacy and security are
valuable assets for reassuring a fearful population to make use of e-government
services and information. However, few
global e-government sites offer policy statements dealing with these topics. Only 14 percent (up from 12 percent in 2003)
of examined sites have some form of privacy policy on their site, and 8 percent
have a visible security policy (up from 6 percent). Both of these are areas that government
officials need to take much more seriously.
Unless ordinary citizens feel safe and secure in their online
information and service activities, e-government is not going to grow very
rapidly.
|
|
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|
Privacy |
6% |
14% |
12% |
14% |
|
Security |
3 |
9 |
6 |
8 |
There are widespread variations across
the nations in providing privacy policies on their websites. The countries with the highest percentage of
websites offering a visible privacy policy are
Despite the importance of
security in the virtual world, there are wide variations across nations in the
percentage of websites showing a security policy. The countries most likely to show a visible
security policy are
In order to assess particular aspects of privacy and
security, we evaluated the content of these publicly posted statements. For privacy policies, we look at several
features: whether the privacy statement
prohibits commercial marketing of visitor information; use of cookies or
individual profiles of visitors; disclosure of personal information without the
prior consent of the visitor, or disclosure of visitor information with law
enforcement agents. In general, we found
weak protections of visitor privacy. For
example, only 10 percent of government websites prohibit the commercial
marketing on visitor information; just six percent prohibit cookies, 10 percent
prohibit sharing personal information, and 8 percent share information with law
enforcement agents. And in regard to
security policies, 9 percent indicate that they use computer software to
monitor traffic.
We
For our
The country whose sites had
the largest number of disability error problems, as judged by the Watchfire, Inc. Bobby software, was
Foreign Language Access
Fifty percent of national government websites have
foreign language features that allow access to non-native speaking individuals,
about the same as the 51 percent last year.
By foreign language feature, we mean any accommodation to the non-native
speakers in a particular country, such as text translation into a different
language. Many have no language
translation on their site other than their native tongue. Seventy-seven percent offer at least some
portion of their websites in English.
|
|
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|
Foreign
Language Translation |
45% |
43% |
51% |
50% |
Ads, User Fees, and Premium
Fees
Many nations are struggling with the issue of how to
pay for electronic governance. When defining an advertisement, we eliminate
computer software available for free download (such as Adobe Acrobat Reader,
Netscape Navigator, and Microsoft Internet Explorer) since they are necessary
for viewing or accessing particular products or publications. Links to
commercial products or services available for a fee were included as
advertisements as were banner, pop-up, and fly-by advertisements.
As shown below, only 4 percent of government
websites in 2004 rely on ads (up from 2 percent last year). The countries with the grea
|
|
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|
Ads |
4% |
8% |
2% |
4% |
|
User
Fees |
-- |
1 |
0.2 |
1.3 |
|
Premium
Fees |
-- |
0 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
While
it appears that the vast majority of governmental agencies do not turn to
commercial advertising in order to finance their sites, many travel and tourism
sites contain advertisements. For
example, the
However,
other sites also provide advertisements.
In
general, user fees are relatively scarce among the sites we examined. Most services and databases could be
completed or obtained by mail or in person at no additional charge. The few that were found (1.3 percent of all
sites) included charges applied in order to access publications or databases,
or to register as a member of a particular database.
The
nation with the grea
Examples
of user fees include a $100 charge for Canadian textile companies to apply for
a Competition Act ID number, which is used to meet regulations from the Textile
Labeling Act. By registering, textile
companies are able to search the CA Number Database which contains the name and
postal addresses of all Canadian textile business who have been assigned a CA ID
number, and also allows the retailer to perform electronic transactions with
Industry
The
United States Court of Appeals has a program available online called Public
Access to Courts Electronic Records (PACER).
This service allows users to acquire case and docket information from
the Federal Appellate, District and Bankruptcy courts, as well as from the U.S.
Party/Case Index. To view this database,
a free registration with username and password is required, and once
registered, a userfee of $.07 per page is charged for
access to web based PACER systems, and $.60 per minute for access to
dial-up. Not all courts participate in
this, and the search categories include name or social security number in the
bankruptcy index, name or nature of suit in the civil index, defendant name in
the criminal index, or party name within the appellate index. The results found will be those of the party
name, location of the court where the case was filed, case number, as well as
the filing date.
Less
than one percent of sites had premium sections that charged fees. Examples of countries having premium fee
areas are the
Public Outreach
E-government offers the potential to bring citizens
closer to their governments. Regardless of
the type of political system that a country has, the public benefits from
interactive features that facilitate communication between citizens and
government. In our examination of
national government websites, we look for various features that would help
citizens contact government officials and make use of information on websites.
Email is an interactive feature that allows ordinary
citizens to pose questions of government officials or request information or
services. In our study, we find that 88
percent (up from 84 percent in 2003) of government websites offered email
contact material so that a visitor could email a person in a particular
department other than the Webmaster.
Percentage of
Government Websites Offering Public Outreach
|
|
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
Email
|
73% |
75% |
84% |
88% |
|
Search |
38 |
54 |
-- |
-- |
|
Comments |
8
|
33 |
31 |
16 |
|
Email Updates |
6 |
10 |
12 |
16 |
|
Broadcast |
2 |
2 |
-- |
-- |
|
Website Personalization |
-- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
PDA Access |
-- |
-- |
2 |
1 |
Sixteen percent offer areas to post comments (other
than through email), the use of message boards, and chat rooms. Websites using these features allow citizens
and department members alike to read and respond to others’ comments regarding
issues facing the department. Sixteen
percent (up from 12 percent last year) of government websites allow citizens to
register to receive updates regarding specific issues. With this feature, web visitors can input
their email addresses, street addresses, or telephone numbers to receive
information about a particular subject as new information becomes
available. The information can be in the
form of a monthly e-newsletter highlighting a prime minister's views or in the
form of alerts notifying citizens whenever a particular portion of the website
is updated. Two percent of sites allow
websites to be personalized to the interests of the visitor, and one percent
provide personal digital assistant (PDA) access, about the same as last
year.
Top E-Government Countries
In order to see how the 198 nations ranked overall,
we create a 0 to 100 point e-government index and apply it to each nation's
websites based on the availability of publications, databases, and number of
online services. Four points are awarded
to each website for the presence of the following features: publications, databases, audio clips, video
clips, foreign language access, not having ads, not having premium fees, not
having user fees, disability access, having privacy policies, security
policies, allowing digital signatures on transactions, an option to pay via
credit cards, email contact information, areas to post comments, option for
email updates, option for website personalization, and PDA accessibility. These features provide a maximum of 72 points
for particular websites.
Each site then qualifies for a bonus of 28 points
based on the number of online services executable on that site (1 point for one
service, two points for two services, three points for three services, and on
up to twenty-eight points for twenty-eight or more services). The e-government index runs along a scale
from zero (having none of these features and no online services) to 100 (having
all features plus at least 28 online services).
Totals for each website within a country were averaged across all of
that nation's websites to produce a zero to 100 overall rating for that
nation.
The top country in our ranking is
Differences by Region of
World
There are some differences in e-government by region
of the world. In looking at the overall
e-government scores by region, North America scores the highest (39.2 percent),
followed by Asia (31.6 percent), Western Europe (30.0 percent), Pacific Ocean
Islands (29.9 percent), Middle East (28.1 percent), Eastern Europe (28.0
percent), Russia and Central Asia (25.3 percent), South America (24.3 percent),
Central America (24.1 percent), and Africa (22.0 percent).
E-Government
Ratings by Region
|
|
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
|
North
America |
51.0% |
60.4 |
40.2 |
39.2 |
|
Western
Europe |
34.1 |
47.6 |
33.1 |
30.0 |
|
Eastern
Europe |
-- |
43.5 |
32.0 |
28.0 |
|
Asia |
34.0 |
48.7 |
34.3 |
31.6 |
|
Middle
East |
31.1 |
43.2 |
32.1 |
28.1 |
|
Russia/Central
Asia |
30.9 |
37.2 |
29.7 |
25.3 |
|
South
America |
30.7 |
42.0 |
29.5 |
24.3 |
|
|
30.6 |
39.5 |
32.1 |
29.9 |
|
Central
America |
27.7 |
41.4 |
28.6 |
24.1 |
|
Africa |
23.5 |
36.8 |
27.6 |
22.0 |
In looking at regional differences by particular
feature,
|
|
Nor Am |
Cent Am |
S. Am |
WesEur |
Eas Eur |
Rus |
Mid Eas |
Afri |
Asia |
Pac Oc |
|
Publication |
99% |
86% |
96% |
95% |
92% |
89% |
86% |
79% |
09% |
84% |
|
Database |
87 |
52 |
61 |
66 |
55 |
72 |
80 |
42 |
66 |
59 |
|
Audio Clip |
25 |
13 |
13 |
13 |
8 |
2 |
14 |
6 |
16 |
11 |
|
Video Clip |
32 |
7 |
8 |
16 |
11 |
4 |
11 |
6 |
21 |
13 |
|
Foreign Lang |
58 |
14 |
6 |
65 |
100 |
59 |
68 |
14 |
66 |
11 |
|
Ads |
0 |
7 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
13 |
13 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
|
Premium Fee |
5 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
|
User Fee |
6 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
2 |
|
Privacy |
69 |
10 |
4 |
14 |
3 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
22 |
48 |
|
Security |
44 |
4 |
2 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
20 |
11 |
|
Disability |
47 |
8 |
6 |
26 |
16 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
8 |
39 |
|
Services |
53 |
17 |
10 |
29 |
8 |
2 |
19 |
8 |
30 |
43 |
|
Credit Cards |
16 |
2 |
0 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
6 |
9 |
|
Digital Sign |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
Email |
92 |
83 |
88 |
95 |
91 |
70 |
88 |
84 |
85 |
82 |
|
Comment |
27 |
14 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
27 |
33 |
10 |
28 |
20 |
|
Updates |
40 |
8 |
10 |
22 |
11 |
13 |
8 |
6 |
22 |
23 |
|
Personal |
5 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
|
PDA Access |
3 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Overall, it appears that some progress has been made in
global e-government over the past year.
Many nations are offering new online services, thereby acknowledging the
growing role of technology in everyday life.
For example, nations such as
Despite this movement forward, there are still a variety
of issues with global sites that hinder their ability to reach their full
potential in terms of accessibility and effectiveness. For example, sites for nations such as
Tanzania include several links that don’t work.
Other nations have links that take an incredibly long time to load or
lead users to incorrect sites. It is important for those designing these
websites to ensure that all links are properly functional and that they do
indeed lead users to their desired locations in order to be adequately
user-friendly.
Another issue with website design is the fact that many
sites are under construction or have not been updated for long periods of
time. Designers must attempt to keep the
sites as up to date as possible to ensure that all information presented is
accurate and complete. Furthermore,
while many sites offered links to email addresses, several such links connected
the visitor to an address of a webmaster as opposed to an actual government
official. If a link connects the user
with a webmaster, it is important to clearly indicate this fact so that no one
is misled to send site designers questions that are actually directed to
government officials. Alternatively, it
is beneficial to create comment templates through which visitors can make
inquiries directly online without having to send messages from their own email
accounts. This increases the ease with
which citizens can communicate with members of their government.
One aspect in particular which made websites more
accessible and uncomplicated was the level of organization. Sites which offered A-to-Z indexes, a clear
list of links to government agency or department web pages, or organized their
online services by agency or function instead of one comprehensive list were
much more navigable and user-friendly.
It was easy to use these sites and find information that we wanted. Governments which arranged their websites with
a common template for all agencies cater to the needs of online users by providing
a familiar background on each page which made finding publications, privacy
statements or e-mail contacts much more straight-forward. Encountering an intricate and convoluted
portal makes users less likely to explore the site and be able to find desired
information or online services.
Websites that were bilingual or multi-lingual were
helpful to facilitating accessibility, as long as the link actually took the
user to the intended language. Links
which automatically reverted back to the original language made for a
frustrating and unrewarding Internet experience.
Nations with developed websites were a pleasure to
explore and learn about the country and frequently offered services
online. The biggest impediments to
investigating a government's site were lack of organization and cluttered
portals, as well as technical difficulties and language barriers. With some changes to the outline of the
website, governments can increase the accessibility and user-friendliness of
their sites. In the long-run, this will
increase citizen usage and bring down the costs of electronic government.
Appendix
|
Table A-1 E-Government Rankings by Country, 2004
(from highest to lowest performing) |
|||||
|
Taiwan |
44.3 |
Singapore |
43.8 |
|
|
United States |
41.9 |
Canada |
40.3 |
|
|
Monaco |
39.0 |
China |
37.3 |
|
|
Australia |
36.7 |
Togo |
36.0 |
|
|
Germany |
35.0 |
Iraq |
34.0 |
|
|
Hong Kong |
33.7 |
New Zealand |
33.6 |
|
|
Italy |
33.2 |
Great Britain |
33.0 |
|
|
Liechtenstein |
33.0 |
Bahrain |
33.0 |
|
|
Dominica |
33.0 |
France |
32.8 |
|
|
Israel |
32.3 |
Marshall Islands |
32.0 |
|
|
Moldova |
32.0 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
32.0 |
|
|
Bolivia |
32.0 |
Indonesia |
32.0 |
|
|
Malta |
31.4 |
Belgium |
31.3 |
|
|
Netherlands |
31.0 |
|
30.9 |
|
|
Japan |
30.8 |
Saudi-Arabia |
30.7 |
|
|
Denmark |
30.6 |
|
30.5 |
|
|
Kuwait |
30.1 |
Ireland |
29.9 |
|
|
Sweden |
29.8 |
Jordan |
29.7 |
|
|
India |
29.6 |
Luxembourg |
29.6 |
|
|
Mexico |
29.6 |
Chile |
29.2 |
|
|
Finland |
29.1 |
Lebanon |
29.0 |
|
|
Maldives |
29.0 |
Palau |
29.0 |
|
|
Iran |
29.0 |
Poland |
28.6 |
|
|
Oman |
28.5 |
Estonia |
28.5 |
|
|
Qatar |
28.3 |
Uzbekistan |
28.3 |
|
|
Austria |
28.2 |
Greece |
28.1 |
|
|
Iceland |
28.1 |
Latvia |
28.0 |
|
|
Myanmar |
28.0 |
Belize |
28.0 |
|
|
Egypt |
28.0 |
Guyana |
28.0 |
|
|
|
28.0 |
Slovakia |
27.9 |
|
|
Slovenia |
27.7 |
Turkey |
27.6 |
|
|
Philippines |
27.6 |
Switzerland |
27.6 |
|
|
Thailand |
27.6 |
Romania |
27.5 |
|
|
Armenia |
27.5 |
|
27.5 |
|
|
Lithuania |
27.3 |
Croatia |
27.2 |
|
|
Bahamas |
27.0 |
Norway |
27.0 |
|
|
Saint Lucia |
27.0 |
Bangladesh |
26.8 |
|
|
|
26.8 |
Peru |
26.7 |
|
|
Vietnam |
26.5 |
Cambodia |
26.5 |
|
|
Spain |
26.5 |
Panama |
26.4 |
|
|
Bulgaria |
26.3 |
Sudan |
26.3 |
|
|
Andorra |
26.2 |
Malaysia |
26.2 |
|
|
El Salvador |
26.1 |
Afghanistan |
26.0 |
|
|
Madagascar |
26.0 |
Mauritania |
26.0 |
|
|
Portugal |
26.0 |
Vatican |
26.0 |
|
|
|
26.0 |
Gambia |
26.0 |
|
|
Ukraine |
25.8 |
Mongolia |
25.7 |
|
|
Morocco |
25.6 |
Albania |
25.6 |
|
|
Hungary |
25.4 |
Laos |
25.3 |
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
25.3 |
Georgia |
25.3 |
|
|
Botswana |
25.0 |
Colombia |
24.8 |
|
|
Belarus |
24.7 |
Pakistan |
24.6 |
|
|
Yemen |
24.5 |
Brazil |
24.4 |
|
|
Barbados |
24.3 |
South Africa |
24.2 |
|
|
Libya |
24.0 |
Macedonia |
24.0 |
|
|
Nigeria |
24.0 |
Niue |
24.0 |
|
|
Sierra Leone |
24.0 |
Sri Lanka |
24.0 |
|
|
Turkmenistan |
24.0 |
Chad |
24.0 |
|
|
Comoros |
24.0 |
Cote d’Ivoire |
24.0 |
|
|
|
24.0 |
Dominican Republic |
24.0 |
|
|
Ethiopia |
24.0 |
Arab Emirates |
24.0 |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
24.0 |
Nicaragua |
23.9 |
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago |
23.8 |
Djibouti |
23.6 |
|
|
Argentina |
23.5 |
Jamaica |
23.4 |
|
|
Russian Federation |
23.3 |
Nepal |
23.2 |
|
|
Tunisia |
23.2 |
Venezuela |
23.2 |
|
|
Ecuador |
23.2 |
San Marino |
23.0 |
|
|
Ghana |
23.0 |
Algeria |
22.8 |
|
|
Fiji |
22.8 |
Zambia |
22.7 |
|
|
Burkina Faso |
22.6 |
Brunei |
22.4 |
|
|
Mozambique |
22.3 |
Mauritius |
22.2 |
|
|
Mali |
22.0 |
Swaziland |
22.0 |
|
|
Zimbabwe |
22.0 |
Cape Verde |
22.0 |
|
|
Cook Islands |
22.0 |
Haiti |
22.0 |
|
|
Uganda |
21.8 |
Cuba |
21.8 |
|
|
Uruguay |
21.7 |
Honduras |
21.7 |
|
|
Senegal |
21.6 |
Guatemala |
21.3 |
|
|
Paraguay |
21.2 |
Rwanda |
21.2 |
|
|
Gabon |
21.0 |
Grenada |
20.3 |
|
|
Samoa |
20.2 |
Namibia |
20.0 |
|
|
Niger |
20.0 |
Somaliland |
20.0 |
|
|
Syria |
20.0 |
Tajikistan |
20.0 |
|
|
Benin |
20.0 |
Burundi |
20.0 |
|
|
|
20.0 |
Angola |
20.0 |
|
|
East Timor |
20.0 |
|
20.0 |
|
|
Guinea |
20.0 |
Guinea-Bissau |
20.0 |
|
|
Kenya |
20.0 |
Papau New Guinea |
19.9 |
|