RI Welfare Study, July, 2001

Welfare Reform in Rhode Island, 2001

by Darrell M. West and Jack Combs

Taubman Center for Public Policy

Brown University

July, 2001

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Welfare Trends

Table Appendices

-Active FIP Cases, 1997-2001 by City and Town

-Percent Active FIP Households by City and Town

-Percent Household Food Stamps by City and Town

-Total Number of FIP Episodes

-Total Years on FIP

-Percent of Children and Adults on FIP by City and Town

-Percent of Children in Households Receiving Food Stamps by City and Town

-Percent of Children in Households Receiving Medical Assistance by City and Town

Executive Summary

In 1996, the state passed the Family Independence Act designed to reformulate the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and put the Family Independence Program (FIP) in its place. Among the features of the new law were five-year time limits on cash assistance for adults (children can continue to receive benefits), work requirements with assistance such as child care and health care, and education, training, and job placement assistance. Households must have children in order to be eligible to receive FIP benefits.

In order to determine how the state is doing, we used state welfare caseload data from the Rhode Island Department of Human Services along with population figures from the U.S. Census to study welfare trends and implications for cities and towns. The two data sets were used to develop profiles of the recipient populations statewide as well as in Rhode Island's 39 cities and towns.

Among the key conclusions are the following:

1) welfare caseloads are down since the implementation of welfare reform

2) 70 percent of cases now are concentrated in four communities--Providence, Pawtucket, Central Falls, and Woonsocket

3) children under the age of 18 comprise two-thirds of beneficiaries

4) the average length of time on assistance among current recipients is 5.3 years

5) 41 percent have received assistance for more than five years

6) there are tremendous variations from city to city in percentage of program recipients

Welfare Trends

Our analysis focused on several key questions: how caseloads have changed over time, who remains on welfare, and how caseloads vary by city and age. Overall in Rhode Island, we found that welfare cases are down 10 percent over the last year, 18 percent since the Family Independent Program was implemented in May, 1997, and 25 percent since 1996. Whereas the state had 20,667 households on assistance in 1996 and 18,904 households on assistance in 1997, now it has 15,545 households on assistance. Overall, there are a total of 42,837 Rhode Island individuals on public assistance in 2001, or an average of 2.76 individuals per household on assistance. Nearly four percent of Rhode Island households receive FIP program benefits. Seven and one-half percent of households receive food stamp assistance.

Among current FIP recipients, the average length of time on government assistance is 5.3 years. Sixteen percent have been on assistance for less than one year, 12 have received assistance for one year, 10 percent have gotten assistance for two years, eight percent have received help for three years, seven percent have been on assistance for four years, and six percent have gotten assistance for five years. The remainder (41 percent) have received assistance for more than five years. Half of these (20 percent) have received government assistance for 10 years or more.

The majority (59 percent) of current FIP recipients has been on public assistance one time before their current episode. Twenty-four percent have had two previous episodes on public assistance, 10 percent have had three previous episodes, and 7 percent have been on and off welfare four or more times.

Around 70 percent of households receiving FIP help are located in Providence, Pawtucket, Central Falls, and Woonsocket, even those these areas comprise only 29 percent of the state's households, based on 2001 Census figures.

Of the total number of 42,837 individuals receiving government assistance, 29,261 (or 68 percent) are under the age of 18 and 13,576 (32 percent) are adults. Nearly 12 percent of children in Rhode Island receive public assistance, compared to 1.7 percent of the adult population. Thirty-two percent of children in Providence are on public assistance, compared to 31 percent of those in Central Falls, 20 percent of those in Woonsocket, 18 percent of those in Pawtucket and 18 percent of those in Newport.

Fifteen percent of children in Rhode Island are on food stamps, or a total of 38,223 kids. This includes 40 percent of children in Providence, 39 percent in Central Falls, 26 percent in Woonsocket, 23 percent in Pawtucket, and 22 percent in Newport.

Twenty-eight percent of children in Rhode Island receive medical assistance from the government. This includes 65 percent of children in Providence, 64 percent in Central Falls, 40 percent in Woonsocket, 39 percent in Pawtucket, and 37 percent in Newport.

Table Appendices

-Active FIP Cases, 1997-2001 by City and Town

Table 1: Active FIP Cases, 1997 - 2001 by City and Town
Cases
	AFDC	Active FIP			Pct Change
Area	Jam,96	May '97	Jan1,2000	Mar1,2001	5/97 to 1/00	1/00 to3/01
Barrington	33	28	20	27	-28.6	35.0
Bristol	178	138	130	93	-5.8	-28.5
Burrillville	128	92	78	74	-15.2	-5.1
Central Falls	931	875	885	843	1.1	-4.7
Charlestown	50	43	45	28	4.7	-37.8
Coventry	284	251	193	176	-23.1	-8.8
Cranston	1,014	987	785	715	-20.5	-8.9
Cumberland	188	167	116	99	-30.5	-14.7
East Greenwich	97	75	51	46	-32.0	-9.8
East Providence	737	674	531	422	-21.2	-20.5
Exeter	33	18	16	20	-11.1	25.0
Foster	23	23	14	18	-39.1	28.6
Glocester	54	38	32	28	-15.8	-12.5
Hopkinton	64	68	41	27	-39.7	-34.1
Jamestown	14	12	13	12	8.3	-7.7
Johnston	337	318	297	238	-6.6	-19.9
Lincoln	142	128	94	82	-26.6	-12.8
Little Compton	10	8	10	6	25.0	-40.0
Middletown	126	113	59	71	-47.8	20.3
Narragansett	105	100	86	53	-14.0	-38.4
Newport	691	614	504	471	-17.9	-6.5
New Shoreham	3	4	3	3	-25.0	0.0
North Kingstown	276	218	173	150	-20.6	-13.3
North Providence	363	363	316	271	-12.9	-14.2
North Smithfield	35	26	27	19	3.8	-29.6
Pawtucket	2,305	2,053	1,933	1,788	-5.8	-7.5
Portsmouth	74	64	41	36	-35.9	-12.2
Providence	8,367	7,896	7,641	7,097	-3.2	-7.1
Richmond	56	39	38	29	-2.6	-23.7
Scituate	46	39	28	25	-28.2	-10.7
Smithfield	85	67	40	43	-40.3	7.5
South Kingstown	167	138	111	107	-19.6	-3.6
Tiverton	111	73	66	67	-9.6	1.5
Warren	152	127	97	75	-23.6	-22.7
Warwick	935	848	704	523	-17.0	-25.7
Westerly	295	276	213	168	-22.8	-21.1
West Greenwich	35	23	16	16	-30.4	0.0
West Warwick	538	487	433	409	-11.1	-5.5
Woonsocket	1,585	1,393	1,357	1,170	-2.6	-13.8

Rhode Island	20,667	18,904	17,237	15,545	-8.8	-9.8

Table 2: Percent of Households FIP Active by City and Town, March 2001
Universe: Households
	Active FIP	2000 Census
Area	Mar1,2001	Total Population	Population over 18	Total Households	Population under 18	Pct. HH FIP

Barrington	27	16,819	12,074	6,011	4,745	0.45
Bristol	93	22,469	18,070	8,314	4,399	1.12
Burrillville	74	15,796	11,753	5,559	4,043	1.33
Central Falls	843	18,928	13,397	6,696	5,531	12.59
Charlestown	28	7,859	6,147	3,178	1,712	0.88
Coventry	176	33,668	25,279	12,596	8,389	1.40
Cranston	715	79,269	62,171	30,954	17,098	2.31
Cumberland	99	31,840	24,150	12,198	7,690	0.81
East Greenwich	46	12,948	9,384	4,960	3,564	0.93
East Providence	422	48,688	38,142	20,530	10,546	2.06
Exeter	20	6,045	4,456	2,085	1,589	0.96
Foster	18	4,274	3,169	1,535	1,105	1.17
Glocester	28	9,948	7,284	3,559	2,664	0.79
Hopkinton	27	7,836	5,825	2,965	2,011	0.91
Jamestown	12	5,622	4,384	2,359	1,238	0.51
Johnston	238	28,195	22,289	11,197	5,906	2.13
Lincoln	82	20,898	15,741	8,243	5,157	0.99
Little Compton	6	3,593	2,813	1,475	780	0.41
Middletown	71	17,334	13,006	6,993	4,328	1.02
Narragansett	53	16,361	13,528	6,846	2,833	0.77
Newport	471	26,475	21,276	11,566	5,199	4.07
New Shoreham	3	1,010	825	472	185	0.64
North Kingstown	150	26,326	19,478	10,154	6,848	1.48
North Providence	271	32,411	26,475	14,351	5,936	1.89
North Smithfield	19	10,618	8,239	3,954	2,379	0.48
Pawtucket	1,788	72,958	54,807	30,047	18,151	5.95
Portsmouth	36	17,149	12,820	6,758	4,329	0.53
Providence	7,097	173,618	128,341	62,389	45,277	11.38
Richmond	29	7,222	5,208	2,537	2,014	1.14
Scituate	25	10,324	7,689	3,780	2,635	0.66
Smithfield	43	20,613	16,594	7,194	4,019	0.60
South Kingstown	107	27,921	21,637	9,268	6,284	1.15
Tiverton	67	15,260	11,893	6,077	3,367	1.10
Warren	75	11,360	8,906	4,708	2,454	1.59
Warwick	523	85,808	67,028	35,517	18,780	1.47
Westerly	168	22,966	17,560	9,402	5,406	1.79
West Greenwich	16	5,085	3,641	1,749	1,444	0.91
West Warwick	409	29,581	22,949	12,498	6,632	3.27
Woonsocket	1,170	43,224	32,069	17,750	11,155	6.59

Rhode Island	15,545	1,048,319	800,497	408,424	247,822	3.81

Table 3: Percent of Households Food Stamp Active by City and Town, March 2001
Universe: Households
	Active FS	2000 Census
Area	Mar1,2001	Total Population	Pop. Over 18	Total Households	Pop. Under 18	Pct. HH Food Stamp

Barrington	48	16,819	12,074	6,011	4,745	0.80
Bristol	329	22,469	18,070	8,314	4,399	3.96
Burrillville	207	15,796	11,753	5,559	4,043	3.72
Central Falls	1,482	18,928	13,397	6,696	5,531	22.13
Charlestown	56	7,859	6,147	3,178	1,712	1.76
Coventry	334	33,668	25,279	12,596	8,389	2.65
Cranston	1,476	79,269	62,171	30,954	17,098	4.77
Cumberland	272	31,840	24,150	12,198	7,690	2.23
East Greenwich	119	12,948	9,384	4,960	3,564	2.40
East Providence	1,023	48,688	38,142	20,530	10,546	4.98
Exeter	73	6,045	4,456	2,085	1,589	3.50
Foster	25	4,274	3,169	1,535	1,105	1.63
Glocester	77	9,948	7,284	3,559	2,664	2.16
Hopkinton	79	7,836	5,825	2,965	2,011	2.66
Jamestown	31	5,622	4,384	2,359	1,238	1.31
Johnston	614	28,195	22,289	11,197	5,906	5.48
Lincoln	199	20,898	15,741	8,243	5,157	2.41
Little Compton	18	3,593	2,813	1,475	780	1.22
Middletown	151	17,334	13,006	6,993	4,328	2.16
Narragansett	93	16,361	13,528	6,846	2,833	1.36
Newport	839	26,475	21,276	11,566	5,199	7.25
New Shoreham	4	1,010	825	472	185	0.85
North Kingstown	296	26,326	19,478	10,154	6,848	2.92
North Providence	637	32,411	26,475	14,351	5,936	4.44
North Smithfield	73	10,618	8,239	3,954	2,379	1.85
Pawtucket	3,503	72,958	54,807	30,047	18,151	11.66
Portsmouth	109	17,149	12,820	6,758	4,329	1.61
Providence	13,353	173,618	128,341	62,389	45,277	21.40
Richmond	60	7,222	5,208	2,537	2,014	2.36
Scituate	60	10,324	7,689	3,780	2,635	1.59
Smithfield	160	20,613	16,594	7,194	4,019	2.22
South Kingstown	175	27,921	21,637	9,268	6,284	1.89
Tiverton	182	15,260	11,893	6,077	3,367	2.99
Warren	225	11,360	8,906	4,708	2,454	4.78
Warwick	1,240	85,808	67,028	35,517	18,780	3.49
Westerly	357	22,966	17,560	9,402	5,406	3.80
West Greenwich	34	5,085	3,641	1,749	1,444	1.94
West Warwick	747	29,581	22,949	12,498	6,632	5.98
Woonsocket	2,139	43,224	32,069	17,750	11,155	12.05

Rhode Island	30,899	1,048,319	800,497	408,424	247,822	7.57

Table 4: Total number of FIP episodes

	Episodes	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Percent
New	0	261	1.7	1.7
	1	9170	58.9	60.6
	2	3668	23.6	84.2
	3	1533	9.9	94.1
	4	591	3.8	97.9
	5	209	1.3	99.2
	6	87	.6	99.8
	7	22	.1	99.9
	8	8	.1	99.9
	9	5	.0	100.0
	10	2	.0	100.0
	11	1	.0	100.0
	Total	15557	100.0

Table 5: Total Years on FIP

Total years on FIP

	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Percent
New case	261	1.7	1.7
Less than one year	2183	14.0	15.7
1	1809	11.6	27.3
2	1522	9.8	37.1
3	1253	8.1	45.2
4	1095	7.0	52.2
5	986	6.3	58.6
6	874	5.6	64.2
7	831	5.3	69.5
8	804	5.2	74.7
9	746	4.8	79.5
10	711	4.6	84.0
11	824	5.3	89.3
12	374	2.4	91.7
13	265	1.7	93.4
14	194	1.2	94.7
15	191	1.2	95.9
16	161	1.0	97.0
17	118	.8	97.7
18	92	.6	98.3
19	50	.3	98.6
20 to 29 years	207	1.3	100.0
30 or more years	6	.0	100.0
Total	15557	100.0

Statistics

Total years on FIP

N	Valid	15557
	Missing	0
Mean		5.34
Median		4.00

Table 6: Percent of Children, Adults and Households on FIP by City and Town

	FIP Cases	2000 Census					FIP Active March 1, 2001
Area	Mar1, 2001	Total Pop	Pop. > 18	Tot. Households	Pop. < 18	Pct. HH FIP	FIP Children	Pct of Children	FIP Adults	PCT Adults

Barrington	27	16,819	12,074	6,011	4,745	0.45	42	0.89	22	0.18
Bristol	93	22,469	18,070	8,314	4,399	1.12	155	3.52	87	0.48
Burrillville	74	15,796	11,753	5,559	4,043	1.33	121	2.99	68	0.58
Central Falls	843	18,928	13,397	6,696	5,531	12.59	1,704	30.81	785	5.86
Charlestown	28	7,859	6,147	3,178	1,712	0.88	44	2.57	22	0.36
Coventry	176	33,668	25,279	12,596	8,389	1.40	252	3.00	149	0.59
Cranston	715	79,269	62,171	30,954	17,098	2.31	1,174	6.87	623	1.00
Cumberland	99	31,840	24,150	12,198	7,690	0.81	156	2.03	94	0.39
East Greenwich	46	12,948	9,384	4,960	3,564	0.93	74	2.08	38	0.40
East Providence	422	48,688	38,142	20,530	10,546	2.06	707	6.70	359	0.94
Exeter	20	6,045	4,456	2,085	1,589	0.96	29	1.83	19	0.43
Foster	18	4,274	3,169	1,535	1,105	1.17	27	2.44	16	0.50
Glocester	28	9,948	7,284	3,559	2,664	0.79	48	1.80	23	0.32
Hopkinton	27	7,836	5,825	2,965	2,011	0.91	38	1.89	27	0.46
Jamestown	12	5,622	4,384	2,359	1,238	0.51	15	1.21	13	0.30
Johnston	238	28,195	22,289	11,197	5,906	2.13	395	6.69	214	0.96
Lincoln	82	20,898	15,741	8,243	5,157	0.99	153	2.97	70	0.44
Little Compton	6	3,593	2,813	1,475	780	0.41	7	0.90	4	0.14
Middletown	71	17,334	13,006	6,993	4,328	1.02	102	2.36	57	0.44
Narragansett	53	16,361	13,528	6,846	2,833	0.77	87	3.07	41	0.30
Newport	471	26,475	21,276	11,566	5,199	4.07	923	17.75	420	1.97
New Shoreham	3	1,010	825	472	185	0.64	5	2.70	3	0.36
North Kingstown	150	26,326	19,478	10,154	6,848	1.48	228	3.33	129	0.66
North Providence	271	32,411	26,475	14,351	5,936	1.89	421	7.09	226	0.85
North Smithfield	19	10,618	8,239	3,954	2,379	0.48	30	1.26	16	0.19
Pawtucket	1,788	72,958	54,807	30,047	18,151	5.95	3,239	17.84	1,643	3.00
Portsmouth	36	17,149	12,820	6,758	4,329	0.53	50	1.16	28	0.22
Providence	7,097	173,618	128,341	62,389	45,277	11.38	14,411	31.83	6,011	4.68
Richmond	29	7,222	5,208	2,537	2,014	1.14	47	2.33	25	0.48
Scituate	25	10,324	7,689	3,780	2,635	0.66	32	1.21	20	0.26
Smithfield	43	20,613	16,594	7,194	4,019	0.60	76	1.89	39	0.24
South Kingstown	107	27,921	21,637	9,268	6,284	1.15	199	3.17	86	0.40
Tiverton	67	15,260	11,893	6,077	3,367	1.10	98	2.91	48	0.40
Warren	75	11,360	8,906	4,708	2,454	1.59	147	5.99	70	0.79
Warwick	523	85,808	67,028	35,517	18,780	1.47	815	4.34	449	0.67
Westerly	168	22,966	17,560	9,402	5,406	1.79	284	5.25	158	0.90
West Greenwich	16	5,085	3,641	1,749	1,444	0.91	24	1.66	13	0.36
West Warwick	409	29,581	22,949	12,498	6,632	3.27	685	10.33	390	1.70
Woonsocket	1,170	43,224	32,069	17,750	11,155	6.59	2,217	19.87	1,071	3.34
Rhode Island	15,545	1,048,319	800,497	408,424	247,822	3.81	29,261	11.81	13,576	1.70

Table 7: Percent of Children, Adults and Households Receiving Food Stamps by City and Town
	Cases	2000 Census					Receiving Food Stamps
Area	Active Food Stamos	Total Population	Population over 18	Total House-holds	Pop. under 18	Pct Houshs FS	Children	%	Adults	%

Barrington	48	16,819	12,074	6,011	4,745	0.80	33	0.7	64	0.53
Bristol	329	22,469	18,070	8,314	4,399	3.96	259	5.9	334	1.85
Burrillville	207	15,796	11,753	5,559	4,043	3.72	166	4.1	265	2.25
Central Falls	1,482	18,928	13,397	6,696	5,531	22.13	2,146	38.8	1,514	11.30
Charlestown	56	7,859	6,147	3,178	1,712	1.76	88	5.1	41	0.67
Coventry	334	33,668	25,279	12,596	8,389	2.65	317	3.8	354	1.40
Cranston	1,476	79,269	62,171	30,954	17,098	4.77	1,520	8.9	1,517	2.44
Cumberland	272	31,840	24,150	12,198	7,690	2.23	252	3.3	247	1.02
East Greenwich	119	12,948	9,384	4,960	3,564	2.40	102	2.9	116	1.24
East Providence	1,023	48,688	38,142	20,530	10,546	4.98	1,026	9.7	1,043	2.73
Exeter	73	6,045	4,456	2,085	1,589	3.50	27	1.7	88	1.97
Foster	25	4,274	3,169	1,535	1,105	1.63	32	2.9	27	0.85
Glocester	77	9,948	7,284	3,559	2,664	2.16	75	2.8	72	0.99
Hopkinton	79	7,836	5,825	2,965	2,011	2.66	98	4.9	70	1.20
Jamestown	31	5,622	4,384	2,359	1,238	1.31	22	1.8	24	0.55
Johnston	614	28,195	22,289	11,197	5,906	5.48	558	9.4	607	2.72
Lincoln	199	20,898	15,741	8,243	5,157	2.41	227	4.4	187	1.19
Little Compton	18	3,593	2,813	1,475	780	1.22	20	2.6	11	0.39
Middletown	151	17,334	13,006	6,993	4,328	2.16	135	3.1	154	1.18
Narragansett	93	16,361	13,528	6,846	2,833	1.36	162	5.7	37	0.27
Newport	839	26,475	21,276	11,566	5,199	7.25	1,154	22.2	913	4.29
New Shoreham	4	1,010	825	472	185	0.85	5	2.7	4	0.48
North Kingstown	296	26,326	19,478	10,154	6,848	2.92	307	4.5	333	1.71
North Providence	637	32,411	26,475	14,351	5,936	4.44	575	9.7	612	2.31
North Smithfield	73	10,618	8,239	3,954	2,379	1.85	47	2.0	70	0.85
Pawtucket	3,503	72,958	54,807	30,047	18,151	11.66	4,186	23.1	3,642	6.65
Portsmouth	109	17,149	12,820	6,758	4,329	1.61	89	2.1	102	0.80
Providence	13,353	173,618	128,341	62,389	45,277	21.40	18,334	40.5	13,099	10.21
Richmond	60	7,222	5,208	2,537	2,014	2.36	79	3.9	49	0.94
Scituate	60	10,324	7,689	3,780	2,635	1.59	41	1.6	63	0.82
Smithfield	160	20,613	16,594	7,194	4,019	2.22	79	2.0	186	1.12
South Kingstown	175	27,921	21,637	9,268	6,284	1.89	198	3.2	237	1.10
Tiverton	182	15,260	11,893	6,077	3,367	2.99	94	2.8	225	1.89
Warren	225	11,360	8,906	4,708	2,454	4.78	231	9.4	221	2.48
Warwick	1,240	85,808	67,028	35,517	18,780	3.49	1,287	6.9	1,146	1.71
Westerly	357	22,966	17,560	9,402	5,406	3.80	438	8.1	364	2.07
West Greenwich	34	5,085	3,641	1,749	1,444	1.94	31	2.1	38	1.04
West Warwick	747	29,581	22,949	12,498	6,632	5.98	837	12.6	811	3.53
Woonsocket	2,139	43,224	32,069	17,750	11,155	12.05	2,946	26.4	2,099	6.55
Rhode Island	30,899	1,048,319	800,497	408,424	247,822	7.57	38,223	15.4	30,986	3.87

Table 8: Percent of Children, Adults and Households Receiving Medical Assistance by City and Town
	Case	2000 Census					Receive Medical Assistance
Area	Medical Assistance	Total Population	Pop. over 18	Tot. House- holds	Pop. under 18	Pct. House- holds	Children	%	Adults	%

Barrington	217	16,819	12,074	6,011	4,745	3.61	158	3.33	208	1.72
Bristol	921	22,469	18,070	8,314	4,399	11.08	561	12.75	897	4.96
Burrillville	781	15,796	11,753	5,559	4,043	14.05	568	14.05	755	6.42
Central Falls	2,654	18,928	13,397	6,696	5,531	39.64	3,557	64.31	2,473	18.46
Charlestown	242	7,859	6,147	3,178	1,712	7.61	254	14.84	249	4.05
Coventry	1,440	33,668	25,279	12,596	8,389	11.43	1,061	12.65	1,422	5.63
Cranston	3,948	79,269	62,171	30,954	17,098	12.75	3,388	19.82	4,023	6.47
Cumberland	908	31,840	24,150	12,198	7,690	7.44	631	8.21	872	3.61
East Greenwich	305	12,948	9,384	4,960	3,564	6.15	235	6.59	308	3.28
East Providence	2,920	48,688	38,142	20,530	10,546	14.22	2,263	21.46	2,808	7.36
Exeter	180	6,045	4,456	2,085	1,589	8.63	148	9.31	179	4.02
Foster	121	4,274	3,169	1,535	1,105	7.88	127	11.49	124	3.91
Glocester	231	9,948	7,284	3,559	2,664	6.49	244	9.16	214	2.94
Hopkinton	238	7,836	5,825	2,965	2,011	8.03	239	11.88	255	4.38
Jamestown	94	5,622	4,384	2,359	1,238	3.98	60	4.85	92	2.10
Johnston	1,596	28,195	22,289	11,197	5,906	14.25	1,211	20.50	1,643	7.37
Lincoln	660	20,898	15,741	8,243	5,157	8.01	509	9.87	635	4.03
Little Compton	53	3,593	2,813	1,475	780	3.59	47	6.03	61	2.17
Middletown	636	17,334	13,006	6,993	4,328	9.09	453	10.47	612	4.71
Narragansett	345	16,361	13,528	6,846	2,833	5.04	344	12.14	316	2.34
Newport	1,702	26,475	21,276	11,566	5,199	14.72	1,940	37.31	1,676	7.88
New Shoreham	19	1,010	825	472	185	4.03	21	11.35	18	2.18
North Kingstown	1,089	26,326	19,478	10,154	6,848	10.72	849	12.40	1,087	5.58
North Providence	1,694	32,411	26,475	14,351	5,936	11.80	1,218	20.52	1,678	6.34
North Smithfield	443	10,618	8,239	3,954	2,379	11.20	141	5.93	436	5.29
Pawtucket	6,265	72,958	54,807	30,047	18,151	20.85	7,120	39.23	6,007	10.96
Portsmouth	344	17,149	12,820	6,758	4,329	5.09	311	7.18	348	2.71
Providence	24,381	173,618	128,341	62,389	45,277	39.08	29,320	64.76	22,337	17.40
Richmond	201	7,222	5,208	2,537	2,014	7.92	168	8.34	193	3.71
Scituate	258	10,324	7,689	3,780	2,635	6.83	229	8.69	276	3.59
Smithfield	730	20,613	16,594	7,194	4,019	10.15	271	6.74	709	4.27
South Kingstown	741	27,921	21,637	9,268	6,284	8.00	645	10.26	736	3.40
Tiverton	439	15,260	11,893	6,077	3,367	7.22	360	10.69	468	3.94
Warren	646	11,360	8,906	4,708	2,454	13.72	452	18.42	636	7.14
Warwick	3,491	85,808	67,028	35,517	18,780	9.83	2,905	15.47	3,514	5.24
Westerly	1,051	22,966	17,560	9,402	5,406	11.18	957	17.70	1,111	6.33
West Greenwich	119	5,085	3,641	1,749	1,444	6.80	144	9.97	124	3.41
West Warwick	1,775	29,581	22,949	12,498	6,632	14.20	1,904	28.71	1,825	7.95
Woonsocket	4,143	43,224	32,069	17,750	11,155	23.34	4,405	39.49	4,168	13.00
Rhode Island	68,021	1,048,319	800,497	408,424	247,822	16.65	69,418	28.01	65,493	8.18